Determinantes de la conducta planeada como predictores del consumo de tabaco y alcohol en adolescentes / Determinants of Planned Behavior as Predictors of Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption in Adolescents

Resumen: Objetivo: Conocer el efecto de los determinantes de la conducta planeada sobre el consumo de tabaco y alcohol en adolescentes de preparatoria. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio correlacional predictivo en 735 adolescentes estudiantes de preparatorias públicas, ubicadas en 14 complementos urbanos pertenecientes al Estado de Nuevo León, México. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante cuestionarios autoadministrados, para variables sociodemográficas, consumo de tabaco y alcohol, actitud, norma subjetiva y control conductual percibido hacia el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Se realizaron modelos de regresión logística de la actitud, norma subjetiva y control conductual percibido sobre el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio correlacional predictivo en 735 adolescentes estudiantes de preparatorias públicas, ubicadas en 14 complementos urbanos pertenecientes al Estado de Nuevo León, México. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante cuestionarios autoadministrados, para variables sociodemográficas, consumo de tabaco y alcohol, actitud, norma subjetiva y control conductual percibido hacia el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Se realizaron modelos de regresión logística de la actitud, norma subjetiva y control conductual percibido sobre el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Resultados: La norma subjetiva (OR=1.02, p=0.028) y el control conductual percibido (OR=1.084, p=0.001), se mostraron significativos para predecir el consumo de tabaco alguna vez en la vida, mientras que la actitud (OR=0.980, p=0.017), norma subjetiva (OR=1.034, p=0.025) y control conductual percibido (OR=1.080, p=0.001), se mostraron significativos para predecir el consumo de alcohol alguna vez en la vida. Conclusiones: Con base a los resultados se puede determinar la aplicabilidad y pertinencia de la Teoría de la Conducta Planeada para la generación de nuevos conocimientos científicos, que permitan el diseño e implementación de programas específicos para enfrentar las situaciones que los adolescentes perciben como facilitadores para el consumo de tabaco y alcohol.

Abstract: Objective: To know the effect of the determinants of planned behavior on tobacco and alcohol consumption in high school adolescents. Material and Methods: A predictive correlational study was carried out in 735 adolescent students of public high schools, located in 14 urban complements belonging to the State of Nuevo León, Mexico. Data were obtained through self-administered questionnaires for sociodemographic variables, tobacco and alcohol consumption, attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control towards tobacco and alcohol consumption. Logistic regression models of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control over tobacco and alcohol consumption were performed. Results: The subjective norm (OR = 1.02, p = .028) and the perceived behavioral control (OR = 1.084, p = .001), were found to be significant in predicting tobacco use sometime in life, while the attitude (OR = .980, p = .017), subjective norm (OR = 1.034, p= .025) and perceived behavioral control (OR = 1.080, p = .001), were found to be significant in predicting alcohol consumption at some time in the life. Conclusions: Based on the results, the applicability and relevance of the Theory of Planned Behavior can be determined for the generation of new scientific knowledge, which allows the design and implementation of specific programs to face the situations that adolescents perceive as facilitators for the tobacco and alcohol consumption.

El consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas en adultos españoles / Consumption of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs in Spanish adults

The lifestyle is the result of a set of behavior patterns or sociocultural habits acquired over the years that determines the state of physical, mental and social health of people. The aim was to analyze the habit of consuming tobacco, alcohol and other illegal drugs in the acquired healthy lifestyle. Descriptive, epidemiological and cross-sectional study in 788 participants aged 22 to 77 years (49.5% men; 50.5% women) selected by non-probabilistic and intentional sampling. Subscale 4 Tobacco, alcohol and other drug consumption habits was used. of the Acquired Healthy Lifestyle Assessment Scale. The following classifications on consumption habits were made: a) tobacco (non-smoker, mild, moderate, high and very high risk), b) alcohol (no risk, prudent consumption, low, moderate and high risk), c) drugs (never, almost never, with some frequency, quite frequently and very frequently) and d) global (not at all healthy, unhealthy, tending towards health and healthy). The results showed that 27% of the participants need to improve their lifestyle by eliminating (or reducing) drug use, acquiring healthier habits. Regarding the differences according to sex, men, compared to women, presented a higher prevalence of unhealthy habits, especially alcohol. In relation to the differences according to the age group, the participants from 49 to 55 years old presented the highest prevalence of habits in the unhealthy or unhealthy levels, while the group from 56 to 72 years old showed the healthiest levels in relation to the habit of drug use.

El objetivo fue analizar el hábito de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas ilegales en el estilo de vida saludable adquirido. Estudio descriptivo, epidemiológico y transversal en 788 participantes de 22 a 77 años de edad (49,5% varones; 50,5% mujeres) seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico e intencional. Se empleó la sub-escala 4. Hábito de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas de la Escala de Valoración del Estilo de Vida Saludable Adquirido. Se realizaron las siguientes clasificaciones sobre el hábito de consumo: a) tabaco (no fumador, leve, moderado, alto y muy alto riesgo), b) alcohol (ningún riesgo, consumo prudente, bajo, moderado y alto riesgo), c) drogas (nunca, casi nunca, con alguna frecuencia, con bastante frecuencia y con mucha frecuencia) y d) global (nada saludable, poco saludable, tendente hacia la salud y saludable). Los resultados mostraron que el 27% de los participantes necesita mejorar su estilo de vida eliminando (o reduciendo) el consumo de drogas, adquiriendo hábitos más saludables. Con respecto a las diferencias según sexo, los varones, en comparación con las mujeres, presentaron una mayor prevalencia de hábitos no saludables, sobre todo, de alcohol. En relación a las diferencias según el grupo de edad, los participantes de 49 a 55 años presentaron la mayor prevalencia de hábitos en los niveles poco o nada saludables, mientras que el grupo de 56 a 72 años mostró los niveles más saludables en relación al hábito de consumo de drogas.

Aterosclerosis de aorta y coronarias en necropsias de fallecidos fumadores / Atherosclerosis of aorta and coronaries in necropsies of deceased smokers

Introducción: La aterosclerosis es una enfermedad que está entre las tres primeras causas básicas de muerte a nivel mundial. En la actualidad se relaciona con múltiples factores de riesgo, entre ellos el tabaquismo, que a su vez es un factor contribuyente al desarrollo de la cardiopatía isquémica. Objetivo: Caracterizar patomorfológicamente la lesión aterosclérótica de aorta y coronarias y su relación con el tabaquismo en fallecidos necropsiados. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal; se estudiaron 431 fallecidos con autopsias clínicas, de ellos se analizaron cualitativa y cuantitativamente sus arterias coronarias y aorta mediante el sistema aterométrico. Resultados: Se presentaron mayores valores de lesiones ateroscleróticas en el grupo de fumadores con infarto de miocardio, por tanto los índices de obstrucción (Ω) y estenosis (P) tuvieron también valores más elevados. Tuvieron una superficie endarterial más afectada por placas fibrosas y graves, la arteria descendente anterior y la aorta abdominal. Conclusiones: El tabaquismo tuvo una asociación directa con el proceso aterosclerótico, se expresa por mayores valores de las lesiones en los fumadores identificados, tanto en el sector aórtico como en el coronario, además se identificó mayor susceptibilidad de la descendente y de aorta abdominal al daño aterosclerótico(AU)

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a disease that is among the top three basic causes of death worldwide. It is currently associated with multiple risk factors, including smoking, which in turn is a contributing factor to the development of ischemic heart disease. Objective: To characterize pathomorphologically the atherosclerotic lesion of the aorta and coronary arteries and its relationship with smoking in autopsied deceased. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out; 431 deceased patients with clinical autopsies were studied, of which their coronary arteries and aorta were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using the atherometric system. Results: There were higher values ​​of atherosclerotic lesions in the group of smokers with myocardial infarction, therefore the obstruction (Ω) and stenosis (P) indices also had higher values. They had an endarterial surface more affected by fibrous and severe plaques, the anterior descending artery and the abdominal aorta. Conclusions: Smoking has a direct association with the atherosclerotic process, it is expressed by higher values ​​of the lesions in identified smokers, both in the aortic and coronary sectors, in addition, greater susceptibility of the descending and abdominal aorta to damage is identified atherosclerotic(AU)

Prevalence and factors associated with tobacco use among men in India: findings from a nationally representative data

BACKGROUND@#Tobacco consumption causes almost 638,000 premature deaths per year in India. This study sought to examine the prevalence and determinants of tobacco use among men in India.@*METHODS@#We analyzed data from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey in India. These nationally representative cross-sectional sample data were collected from January 20, 2015, to December 4, 2016. A total of 112,122 men aged 15-54 years were included in this study. Primary outcomes were tobacco use categorized into smoking, smokeless, any tobacco, and both smoked and smokeless tobacco use. Complex survey design and sampling weights were applied in both the descriptive analyses and logistic regression models. We present the findings using odds ratios.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence of tobacco use among men in India for the studied period was 45.5% (95% CI 44.9-46.1), smoking was 24.6% (95% CI 24.1-25.1), smokeless tobacco use was 29.1% (95% CI 28.6-29.6), and both smoked and smokeless tobacco use was 8.4% (95% CI 8.1-8.7). The prevalence of tobacco use among men was higher among the elderly, separated/divorced/widowed individuals, those with lower education and wealth status, alcohol consumers, manual workers, and residents of the northeast region. Multivariate analysis showed that age, lower education, occupation, region, alcohol consumption, separated/divorced/widowed status, and economic status were substantially associated with tobacco use among Indian men.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Innovative and cost-effective strategies targeting high-risk groups are crucial to curbing the tobacco epidemic in India. Anti-smoking campaigns should also focus on mitigating alcohol abuse. Reducing tobacco marketing and implementing formal education about the dangers of tobacco use, progressive taxing, packaging, and labeling of tobacco products and price strategies should be harmonized in legal provisions.

Tobacco use patterns among women in reproductive age group: a cross sectional study in the rural area of Belgaum district, Karnataka, South India

Background: Tobacco imposes a colossal burden of disease and death leading to catastrophic health, social, economic, and environmental effects. “Tobacco” kills both men and women but sex-specific differences exist. Traditional forms of tobacco like dentifrice or tobacco tooth powder and betel quid, tobacco and lime mixture are commonly used and also, the new products use is increasing not only among men but even among children, teenagers, women of reproductive age. This study was done to know the patterns and other correlates of tobacco use among the rural women in the reproductive age group.Methods: A community based cross sectional study, conducted from January 2011 to December 2011 among 1200 rural women aged between 15 years to 49 years residing in primary health centre, Vantmuri area, Belgaum, Karnataka, India. Statistical analysis was done using rates, ratios and chi-square tests.Results: Tobacco consumption was seen in 9.7% of the study participants. A very high percentage of 79 (67.5%) had more than 10 years of exposure to tobacco amongst the users. Dentifrice was the most common form of tobacco used (85.5%) followed by 32 (27.4%) plain tobacco consumption. However, 49 (4.1%) consumed multiple forms of tobacco, most common being dentifrice along with plain tobacco or paan with beetelquid or used snuff.Conclusions: The distribution of tobacco consumption is likely to maintain, and perhaps increase, the current considerable socioeconomic differentials in health in India. Dual users are at much higher health risks than those who consume the individual tobacco product. It also emphasizes the variations in patterns of using tobacco among rural women. There is a need for periodical surveys using more consistent definitions of tobacco use and eliciting information on different types of tobacco consumed.

Current Status of National Health Promotion Fund in Korea / 보건행정학회지

The National Health Promotion Fund has grown as the increase of tax on tobacco consumption, but more than half of the fund was spent on health insurance supporting. It is important to use the fund appropriately to keep legitimacy and sustainability of health promotion. Therefore, services regarding health promotion should be a priority in spending health promotion fund, and operation system should be established to manage and administer the fund properly.

Consumo de alcohol y tabaco en estudiantes de enfermería / Consumption of alcohol and tobacco in students of nursing

ResumenIntroducción. Los estudiantes de enfermería están inmersos en un contexto cultural tanto protector como de riesgo en cuanto al consumo de drogas, durante su proceso académico y/ o laboral, dado que enfrentan diversas situaciones físicas, emocionales y sociales que pueden aumentar la probabilidad de consumo con el fin de mitigar tales situaciones. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar el tipo de consumo de alcohol y tabaco en estudiantes de enfermería.Método. La población estuvo formada por 172 estudiantes de un programa de Licenciatura en Enfermería de dos universidades privadas del área Metropolitana de Monterrey Nuevo León, México. El diseño del estudio es no experimental de tipo transversal descriptivo. Se utilizó una cédula de datos personales y de consumo de alcohol y tabaco y el Cuestionario de Identificación de Desórdenes por Uso de Alcohol (AUDIT).Resultados. Se identificó que predomina un tipo de consumo sensato de alcohol, seguido del dependiente y de uno dañino. En relación con el consumo de tabaco, prevalecieron los no fumadores, seguido de los fumadores experimentales, los exfumadores, los usuarios y los dependientes.Conclusión. Estos resultados permiten comprender mejor la magnitud del problema del consumo de alcohol y tabaco entre los estudiantes universitarios, específicamente entre los estudiantes de enfermería quienes serán futuros profesionales de la salud y que actuarán como educadores y promotores para la adopción de estilos de vida saludables en la población general.

SummaryIntroduction. Nursing students are immersed in a risky and protective cultural context on drugs consumption, during their academic term and/or work as they face various physical, emotional and social situations that may increase the likelihood of consuming alcohol and tobacco as a way to mitigate these situations. The objective of this research was to determine the type of alcohol and tobacco consumption among nursing students.Method. The population consisted of 172 students of a Nursing program of two private universities in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. The design of this study is non-experimental crosssectional. A Personal Data Document, which also included Alcohol and Tobacco consumption and a Questionnaire to identify Disorders for Alcohol consumption (AUDIT), was used.Results. It was identified that prudent consumption is predominant, followed by the dependent and harmful consumption. As for tobacco consumption, nonsmokers were predominant, followed by the experimental smokers, former smokers, users and dependent smokers.Conclusion. These results allow a better understanding about the magnitude of alcohol and tobacco consumption problem among college students, specifically among nursing students who will be future health professionals and act as educators and advocates for the adoption of healthy lifestyles in the general population.

Percepción de riesgo respecto al consumo de tabaco en jóvenes universitarios cubanos / Risk perception about tobacco consumption in Cuban university students

Introducción: el consumo de tabaco constituye un serio problema de salud a nivel mundial y en Cuba, especialmente en la población joven. La percepción de riesgo ha sido identificada como una importante variable que influye en el inicio y mantenimiento del consumo de tabaco en esta etapa. Objetivo: explorar las características de la percepción de riesgo respecto al consumo de tabaco en jóvenes universitarios cubanos. Métodos: investigación con enfoque cuantitativo, diseño descriptivo ex post facto. La muestra quedó conformada por 1 377 estudiantes universitarios. Se aplicó un cuestionario para explorar la percepción de riesgo respecto al consumo de tabaco. Se utilizó el análisis descriptivo univariante, el análisis de conglomerados en dos etapas, el análisis categórico de componentes principales y los árboles de decisión. Resultados: se identificaron niveles adecuados de información sobre las consecuencias de este comportamiento de riesgo. Las variaciones más altas fueron en la dimensión conductual-motivacional y fue el mejor predictor en el proceso de agrupación de acuerdo a los niveles de percepción de riesgo. Hay más mujeres que hombres en el grupo con los mejores resultados. Conclusiones: los resultados permitieron una compresión multidimensional de la percepción del riesgo en estudiantes universitarios cubanos(AU)

Introduction: Tobacco consumption is a serious problem in a worldwide and in Cuba, especially in young people. Risk perception has been identified as an important variable that influences the initiation and maintenance of tobacco consumption in this stage. Objetive: To explore the characteristics of risk perception of the tobacco consumption in Cuban university students. Methods: The research was conceived from a quantitative approach with a descriptive ex post facto design. The sample was composed by 1377 university students. It was used the questionnaire of risk perception of tobacco consumption. In the data analysis the authors used univariate descriptive analysis, two step cluster analysis, categorical principal components analysis and the decision trees. Results: It was identified as tendency, adequate levels of information about consequences of this risk behavior. The higher variations were in the behavioral-motivational dimension and it was the best predictor in the grouping process according to levels of risk perception. There are more females than males in the cluster with the best results Conclusions: The results allowed a multidimensional understanding of risk perception of tobacco consumption in Cuban university students(AU)

Prevalence of smokeless tobacco use among school going adolescent students of Raipur city Chhattisgarh state, India.

Background: Tobacco consumption in various forms in recent years is a proven risk factor and contributes substantially to the emerging epidemic. Increasing tobacco use and its impact on physical and psychosocial health is a worldwide public health concern affecting the early youth and whole life of the individuals. Tobacco is used in different forms and health effects are seen irrespective of the form in which it is used. Smokeless tobacco is found to be as addictive and harmful as smoking. Objectives: To assess the prevalence and factors influencing smokeless consumption among high school students in Raipur city. Methods: Study design: Cross-sectional, Study area: 16 selected high schools of Raipur city, in which 12 were government schools and 4 private schools. Study subjects: 1006 high-school students, Sampling technique: Two stage cluster sampling according to probability proportional to size, Study tool: Predesigned pretested questionnaire. Statistical analysis: Data was entered in Microsoft excel sheet and analyzed in Epi info 7 software. Results: The mean age of students in the study was 15 years. The prevalence of smokeless tobacco consumption was 10%. Majority male 80.9% were users, mean age of initiation was 13 years (SD 7.07), Peer pressure (76%) was the reason for initiation. Pocket money 57.1% found to be the major source of purchasing. Strong association of family member tobacco use and promotional advertisement were found. Conclusion: Study reflects smokeless tobacco use was prevalent among adolescent students and there is a need for targeted interventions to reduce the risk and deleterious consequences.

Presencia de consumo de tabaco en un grupo de adolescentes / The presence of tobacco consumption in a group of adolescents

Fundamento: El consumo de tabaco se inicia en la adolescencia o al principio de la edad adulta y es considerado un problema de salud de gran trascendencia. Objetivo: Caracterizar el comportamiento del consumo del tabaco en adolescentes. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, durante el periodo de enero a diciembre de 2013, en un grupo de adolescentes entre 14 y 17 años que fueron atendidos en la consulta de cardiopediatría del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial José Martí Pérez de Sancti Spíritus, los cuales practicaban el hábito de fumar. Las variables utilizadas fueron: la edad, sexo, hábito de fumar, cantidad de cigarrillos diarios y motivación para su consumo. La información fue recopilada a partir de la encuesta aplicada para el estudio de estos pacientes. Resultados: Hubo un ligero predominio del hábito de fumar en las adolescentes femeninas de la muestra seleccionada. La mayoría no practicaba el tabaquismo diariamente. Los familiares, así como los profesores, el novio o la novia, los amigos, constituyeron un ejemplo negativo de importancia en la muestra estudio. Conclusiones: Con el apoyo de toda la sociedad se debe trabajar con los adolescentes para modificar hábitos inapropiados como el consumo de tabaco.

Background: Tobacco consumption starts in adolescence or at the beginning of adulthood and it is considered a health problem of great importance. Objective: To characterize the influence of tobacco consumption in adolescents. Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out from January to December 2013 in a group of smoker adolescents between 14 and 17 years old who were assisted at the Cardio pediatric Outpatient Department at José Martí Pérez Pediatric Hospital from Sancti Spiritus. The used variables were age, sex, smoking habit, amount of consumed cigarettes per day and the motivation for consumption. The information was documented from an interview applied to those patients under study. Results: There was a slight predominance of smoking habit in female adolescents from the selected sample. The majority of them did not practice tobacco consumption daily. The relatives as well as the professors, the boyfriend or girlfriend or the friends played a negative role of great importance in the sample for study Conclusions: Inappropriate smoking habits such as tobacco consumption must be modified in adolescents with the support of the whole society.

Association between Socio-Demographic Factors and the Type of Tobacco Consumption among Subjects Attending a Rural Hospital, South India.

Aim: To assess the association between socio-demographic factors and type of tobacco consumption among subjects attending a rural hospital in south India. Methods: A pre-tested questionnaire was designed for recording the relevant data pertaining to selected socio-demographic variables and the details of tobacco consumption. Patients as well as persons accompanying them formed the study sample and they were chosen by systematic random sampling method. Chi-square test was used to assess the association between the variables. Results: A total of 350 subjects were included in the study. There was statistically significant association between age groups, gender, education, occupation, economic status and the type of tobacco consumption. Conclusion: The present study revealed a significant association between selected sociodemographic factors and the type of tobacco consumption.

Study of prevalence of smoking and risk factors in school girls of the 6-11th grades / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

IntroductionIn the total increase in the rate of smoking in the population of Mongolia, the smoking rate among women of the age of 15-24 years old increased up to 4.2% which is higher by 1.9 points against the level of the year 2005. The average age of starting smoking among women decreased by 3 years compared to 2005 evidencing the increase in the prevalence of smoking among the female population. However, there is no study on prevalence of smoking focusing on school age girls. Researches on the prevalence of smoking and KAP of the population shall play an important part in reduction of tobacco consumption, assisting smoking cessation and determining the effective forms of anti-tobacco communications.Materials and MethodsThe study of the tobacco consumption and risk factors among the school age girls of the 6-11th grades is a cross-sectional study covering the school age girls of 6-11th grades of Suhbaatar, Chingeltei, Bayangol and Songinokhairkhan districts of Ulaanbaatar and Uvurkhangai, Khovd, Dornod and Umnugobi aimags. The participants of the study were selected by random sampling. The study used qualitative and quantitative methods. The study involved 1208 school age girls of 6-11th grades. The data of the survey was analyzed with SPSS software.ResultsEvery third or 33.7% of the schoolchildren of 6-11th grades smoke. The rate of smoking is as twice higher in the metropolitan settings as in provincial aimags. The answer that there are smokers in the family given by 64% of the respondents implies that two in three target age school girls are exposed to second-hand smoking. Every fifth of the girls find themselves in tobacco affected areas daily. Of the target age/gender group, 36.5% reported that they buy cigarettes in kiosks, shops and stores and one in each two schools have any form of tobacco selling points within 100 meters which implies a potential impact of the surrounding environment. Around 90% of the participants of the quantitative survey were able to correctly list the health hazards of smoking, however, the qualitative survey results demonstrate that they have confusions on the health hazards of smoking and have insufficient understanding of the long term effects of smoking.Conclusions:1. Girl in the metropolitan settings smoke more than in provincial settings.2. Smoking at schools and public places are common in both metropolitan and provincial areas.3. The smoking behaviors of the girls are influenced by their and peers. insufficient knowledge 4. It was identified by the research that all smoking girls in the capital and in provinces are wishing to quit smoking.5. Though the girls receive information on tobacco from mass media, friends and Health Education subject, the information received through these channels are insufficient to impact their knowledge and change their behavior.6. The number of school children exposed to the impact of tobacco tends to increase by their age.

Research on the association between per-capita tobacco consumption among the permanent residents and lung cancer mortality in Henan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the relationship of per-capita tobacco consumption and lung cancer mortality in Henan province,and to provide evidence for policy development on tobacco control and reduction of lung cancer mortality.Methods Data regarding lung cancer mortality and per-capita tobacco consumption among household residents from 1992 to 2011,was collected from published almanacs in Henan and Henan Tumor Institutes.Trend Method was used to analyze the development of lung cancer in Henan province and the trend of per-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household.‘Spearman rank correlation' was used to analyze the correlation between per-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household from 1992 to 2001 and the lung cancer mortality rates from 2002 to 2011,with the lag time unite as 10 years in this study.Cure Estimation was used to fit the model regarding the relationship between per-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household and lung cancer.Results Lung cancer mortality among those permanent residents in Henan province increased from 14.75/100 000 in 1992 to 27.00/100 000 in 2011,with an increase of 83.05％.Both the trend of per-capita tobacco consumption among the permanent residents and the lung cancer mortality were uprising,with the tobacco consumption showing a lag effect to the lung cancer mortality.Correlation coefficient between the per-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household from 1992 to 2001 and the lung cancer mortality from 2002 to 2011 was rs=0.770,P=0.009＜0.05,with statistically significant difference.Along with the uprising trend of lung cancer mortality,the per-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household was also parallelly rising with the equation of relevance betweenper-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household in Henna province and lung cancer as y =2.60 x0.46 (F=576.483) and the R2 was 0.667.Conclusion Per-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household in Henan province appeared a factor that influencing the lung cancer mortality and an association between the per-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household and lung cancer was noticed.Tobacco consumption had a lag trend to the mortality of lung cancer.

Modelos explicativos de la dependencia y consumo de tabaco en estudiantes de preparatoria / An Explanatory Model of Tobacco Consumption among High School Students

El propósito principal del estudio fue explicar la dependencia tabáquica y el consumo de cigarros desde una perspectiva motivacional en una muestra de estudiantes de preparatoria de sexo indistinto. Se emplearon cuatro escalas del Inventario de Wisconsin de Motivos de Dependencia del Tabaco, una escala de normas paternas y una de amigos fumadores; así como dos medidas internacionales de consumo de cigarrillos y un cuestionario de dependencia tabáquica. El análisis de regresión múltiple de dependencia tabáquica mostró que exposición a claves, normas paternas y reforzamiento positivo explicaron el 54.30% de la varianza. Se elaboró un modelo estructural de la dependencia al tabaco que incluyó los motivos mencionados y el número de días de consumo, el cual se ajustó bien a los datos. Todos los efectos directos sobre las medidas de dependencia fueron significativos, así como las covarianzas entre los motivos. De acuerdo al estadístico Wald que se obtuvo en el análisis de clases latentes, hubo diferencias significativas entre los tres grupos en los cuatro indicadores: dependencia, exposición a claves, amigos fumadores y número de días de consumo.

The main purpose of the study was to explain tobacco dependence and consumption of cigarettes from a motivational perspective on a sample of high school students of both sexes. We used four scales of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives, a scale of parental rules and a scale of smoking friends; as well as two international measures for cigarette consumption and a tobacco dependence questionnaire. The multiple regression analysis of tobacco dependence showed that the key exposure, parental rules and positive reinforcement, accounted for 54.30% of the variance. In this study, was developed a structural model of the tobacco dependence that included the four motives and the number of days of consumption, which fits well with the data; all direct effects on measures of dependency were significant, as the covariance among the motives. According to the Wald statistic obtained in the latent class analysis, there were significant differences among the three groups in the four indicators: dependency, exposure to key, smoking friends and number of days of consumption.

Cuestionario para la clasificación de consumidores de cigarrillo (C4) para jóvenes / Questionnaire to Classify the Level of Tobacco Consumption in Young People

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo el diseño y validación de una escala para la clasificación de adolescentes y jóvenes consumidores de tabaco, de acuerdo con la frecuencia e intensidad de consumo y problemas asociados, intención de cesación y signos de dependencia nicotínica. La muestra estuvo conformada por 448 universitarios de ambos sexos con edades entre los 18 y 31 años, provenientes de cuatro instituciones educativas ubicadas en tres ciudades. El análisis psicométrico mostró que la prueba cuenta con la contabilidad y validez necesarias para ser utilizada en poblaciones similares. De acuerdo con los resultados las conclusiones se centran en la amplia posibilidad de uso del cuestionario y las bondades de un sistema de clasificación de consumo tabáquico no centrado exclusivamente en la frecuencia y cantidad de cigarrillos fumados.

This study had as primary target the design and validation of one scale that allowed the classification of the consuming tobacco adolescents, according to frequency, intensity, and problems associated with the consumption, intention of cessation and the presence of signs of nicotine dependency. The sample was conformed of 448 university students, both genders in ages between 18 and 31 year old, from four educative institutions located in three cities. The advanced psychometric analysis showed that the test relies on the conditions of trustworthiness and validity that are necessary to be used in similar populations. Taking results into account, conclusions focus in the vast possibility of using the questionnaire and the benefits of a classification system of tobacco consumption not exclusively centred in the frequency and amount of smoked cigarettes.

Forced oscillation technique in the detection of smoking-induced respiratory alterations: diagnostic accuracy and comparison with spirometry

INTRODUCTION: Detection of smoking effects is of utmost importance in the prevention of cigarette-induced chronic airway obstruction. The forced oscillation technique offers a simple and detailed approach to investigate the mechanical properties of the respiratory system. However, there have been no data concerning the use of the forced oscillation technique to evaluate respiratory mechanics in groups with different degrees of tobacco consumption. OBJECTIVES: (1) to evaluate the ability of the forced oscillation technique to detect smoking-induced respiratory alterations, with special emphasis on early alterations; and (2) to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the forced oscillation technique and spirometric parameters. METHODS: One hundred and seventy subjects were divided into five groups according to the number of pack-years smoked: four groups of smokers classified as <20, 20-39, 40-59, and >60 pack-years and a control group. The four groups of smokers were compared with the control group using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: The early adverse effects of smoking in the group with <20 pack-years were adequately detected by forced oscillation technique parameters. In this group, the comparisons of the ROC curves showed significantly better diagnostic accuracy (p<0.01) for forced oscillation technique parameters. On the other hand, in groups of 20-39, 40-59, and >60 pack-years, the diagnostic performance of the forced oscillation technique was similar to that observed with spirometry. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that forced oscillation technique parameters were able to detect early smoking-induced respiratory involvement when pathologic changes are still potentially reversible. These findings support the use of the forced oscillation technique as a versatile clinical diagnostic tool in helping with chronic obstructive lung disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Análisis psicométrico del inventario situacional para consumidores de tabaco / Psychometric properties of the situational inventory for tobacco consumers

El conocimiento de las situaciones relacionadas con dejar de fumar y la abstinencia prolongada permite que se puedan llevar a cabo tratamientos específicos que eviten las recaídas y mantengan la efectividad del tratamiento a largo plazo. A pesar de su importancia, no existe una escala que permita identificar las situaciones asociadas al consumo. En esta investigación se presenta las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario Situacional para Consumidores de Tabaco (ISCT) que se construye a partir de un estudio inicial con grupos focales y un análisis de expertos; está constituido por 46 ítems que se aplican a una muestra de 342 sujetos. Los resultados mostraron que el banco de ítems tiene una fiabilidad alta (a= 0,96). Se presentan los índices clásicos y se realiza un análisis con la Teoría de la Respuesta al Ítem, y el modelo demuestra un ajuste adecuado (X²= 749,539, gl=709, p=0,141). Adicionalmente, se realizó un análisis de validez concurrente con los resultados del Cuestionario de Fagerström para la Dependencia a la nicotina en el que se muestra, a partir de un análisis de regresión, que el nivel de dependencia explica un porcentaje amplio de la varianza del ISCT (R²= 43.8). Por lo tanto, se considera que el inventario permite dirigir a los especialistas en la planeación de un tratamiento específico a las situaciones de consumo de cada individuo.

Knowledge of the situations related to smoking withdrawal and / or prolonged abstinence, makes possible the development of specific treatments in order to prevent relapse and to maintain the effectiveness of long-term treatments. Despite its importance, an instrument that identifies the situations related to consumption does not yet exist. Therefore, this paper presents the psychometric properties of the Situational Inventory for Tobacco Consumers (ISTC) that was constructed from an initial study with focus groups and expert analysis. The instrument consists of 46 items that were applied to a sample of 342 people. The results showed that the item bank has a high reliability (a= 0,96). We present the classic indexes along with the analysis based on an item response theory model, where the inventory showed an appropriate fit (X²= 749,539, df = 709, p = 0,141). Aditionally, evidence for the concurrent validity of the proposed test was obtained through a regression analysis where the scores from the Test for Nicotine Dependence were able to explain a large amount of the ISCT score variance (R²= 43.8). It is therefore considered that this inventory is able to guide the specialists in the planning of specific treatments catered to the consumption situations of each individual.

Comparación del ambiente familiar y el tipo de consumo de tabaco en adolescentes mexicanos de nivel medio superior / Comparison of family environment and type of tobacco use in Mexican adolescent high school students

Introduction Tobacco use is an addiction of which prevalence, incidence, morbimortality, and medical and social impact have turned it into a global public health problem. It has been related with eleven causes of death and every year 4.9 million tobacco-related deaths occur at 30 years of age. By 2030, an estimated 10 million annual deaths will be tobacco-related. In the United States health care expenses for tobacco-related problems have been estimated from US8.2 to 77 million annually, meaning between 0.46 and 1.15% of GNP. Because of tobacco use is not an exclusive activity of adolescents and young adults it has been defined as a pediatric disease because it frequently begins before fifteen years of age. Even more alarming is that The Global Youth Tobacco Survey reported an increase in the tobacco consumption, particularly among women in developing countries like Mexico. This is so common that the previously reported gap between male and female adolescent tobacco users in these countries has all but disappeared. There is a need to develop more studies in order to identify the different influences of tobacco use that in the long run can be modified. Family is one of the most significant influences on people as it models many health-related behaviors, such as diet, exercise, tobacco and alcohol use. It is also the source of its members' psycho-social development, meaning it can both provide support and create stress. Preliminary studies suggest that some family environment factors may influence adolescent tobacco use risk, such as: a background of tobacco use among family members; low levels of family cohesion; defective interaction examples and lack of support bonds; family tolerance to use; low income and low education level; type of family; minimal parental monitoring of adolescent activities; and poor control of the influence of an adolescent's social context, focused on school choice and extra-curricular activity spaces. However, no study to date has evaluated if there is a relationship between family environment and type of tobacco use in Mexican adolescents. As a response to this lack of information, a comparative survey was done to compare family environment and type of adolescent tobacco use in high school students in the city of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Materials and methods A cross-sectional, prolective, comparative study was done in a population of 6987 students enrolled in high schools No. 5 and No. 9 of the University of Guadalajara during the September to December 2005 semester. These schools were chosen as being the most representative of the city of Guadalajara based on their enrollment and graduation academic indicators. Sample size was calculated with the miscellaneous statistics module of the True Epistat Program using a 95% confidence level. Previous studies showed a tobacco use prevalence of 27% in the University of Guadalajara high schools, meaning minimum sample size, including an additional 10% for unrelocated students, was 205 for high school No. 5 (3056 enrolled students) and 400 for high school No. 9 (3931 enrolled students). Selection of eligible subjects was randomly done. All students enrolled in each school were numbered consecutively and a random selection table was generated using True Epistat. Later on the students corresponding to these numbers were located by the school prefects by group and shift. They were then called to answer the electronic self-administered survey in the school's computer room. Location rate was 96% because some students had dropped out and/ or changed schools. Data collection was done by using two standardized self-application scales for Mexican population: 1. Tobacco use categorized as light (one to five cigarettes by day) and moderate (six to fifteen cigarettes by day); and 2. Family environment, evaluated by five items: hostility and rejection, communication with children, mutual support from parents and children, and communication between parents. For each type of tobacco use, the mean grades ± 95% confidence interval of the items of the family environment scale were obtained and then, they were compared graphically. The project was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Mexican Institute of Social Security. The survey included an informed consent form with electronic signature. If any participation was not accepted, the survey application did not open. Student participation was anonymous and an electronic mail address was provided for orientation. No users were recorded as requesting orientation. Results A total of 11 58 students (average age = 16.1 ± 1.1 years, range 14 to 20 years) took the survey, from which 659 (56.9%) were women and 499 (43.1%) were men. Of this total, 615 (53.1%) were non-smokers, 419 (36.1%) were light smokers and 124 (10.8%) were moderate smokers. Non-smoker status was consistently associated with better conditions in all the family environment scale dominions. In comparison with light smokers, non-smokers had higher grades of communication with their parents, there was support from parents to children, as well as communication between parents, and support from the son to the parents dominions; and lower grades in the hostility and rejection dominion. In comparison with moderate smokers, non-smokers had better grades in the communication with the son/ daughter dominion and lower grades in the hostility and rejection dominion. No significant differences were observed in the family environment scale between light and moderate smokers. Discussion Family environment was consistently shown to be more favorable for adolescent non-smokers compared to smokers; the main differences were between non-smokers and light smokers with fewer differences between non-smokers and moderate smokers. No differences in the family environment items were observed between light and moderate smokers. This finding of favorable family conditions for non-smokers coincides with previous reports. The fact that family environment does not deteriorate once an adolescent begins tobacco use may mean that certain family structures exists previously that favor tobacco use. Given the cross-sectional design used here, it could not be determined if the evaluated items generate any vulnerability or acted as preventing factors for tobacco use. This would require a more detailed study about these variables. Based on these results and those of previous studies, the starting point of adolescent tobacco use is probably favored by a coincidence among certain family structures such as: family type, family resources, family interactions, type of parent involvement with children, stress management strategies, family modeling, adolescent's psychology, as well as communication and support among family members. Given the above, adolescent tobacco use is likely a social phenomenon involving different social actors like the adolescent, his/her family and the influence of other agents. Educational actions and treatment of adolescents is therefore not enough to address the problem. Parent participation is needed that is specifically focused on understanding typical adolescent behavior; promoting harmonious parent/child relationships; training parents in parental functions such as negotiation and effective communication; and supervision of adolescent activities. The present study is an initial effort in evaluating the relationship between family environment and adolescent tobacco use. Although it is limited by its cross-sectional design and there is a lack of control of possible confusing variables, it does suggest that adolescent non-smokers have more favorable family environments than adolescent smokers. Future research on this matter will require studies using designs that allow a more thorough understanding of the influence of family environment at the onset of adolescent tobacco use.

Introducción Aunque el tabaquismo no es exclusivo de adolescentes y jóvenes, la enfermedad ha sido definida como pediátrica por su inicio antes de los quince años de edad, por lo es necesario el desarrollo de estudios que identifiquen las diferentes influencias del consumo de tabaco factibles de ser modificadas. La familia es una de las influencias más importantes para las personas, pues modela comportamientos relacionados con la salud y es donde ocurre el desarrollo psico-emocional de sus miembros. Estudios preliminares han sugerido que algunos factores del ambiente familiar podrían influir en el consumo de tabaco en adolescentes como, por ejemplo, el de consumo de tabaco de familiares, bajos niveles de cohesión familiar, pautas de interacción defectuosas, falta de vínculos de apoyo, tolerancia familiar al consumo, bajos ingresos y bajo nivel educativo, bajo monitoreo paterno en las actividades adolescentes y el pobre control de la influencia del contexto social. Dado que no se han localizado antecedentes de la asociación entre el ambiente familiar y el tipo de consumo de tabaco en adolescentes mexicanos, el objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el ambiente familiar entre los tipos de consumo de tabaco en adolescentes escolares de nivel medio superior en Guadalajara, México. Material y métodos Se incluyeron a 1158 estudiantes seleccionados aleatoriamente de dos preparatorias de la Universidad de Guadalajara en el segundo semestre de 2005. La recolección de los datos se realizó por medio de dos escalas de autoaplicación estandarizadas para población mexicana: 1. Consumo de tabaco en el que el patrón de consumo fue categorizado: leve y moderado; 2. Ambiente familiar evaluado por medio de cinco dominios: hostilidad y rechazo, comunicación con el hijo, apoyo de padres a hijos, comunicación entre padres y apoyo del hijo a los padres. Resultados Seiscientos quince (53.1%) adolescentes fueron no fumadores, 419 (36.1%) calificaron como fumadores leves y 124 (10.8%) como fumadores moderados. Ser no fumador se asoció consistentemente con un mejor estado en todos los dominios de la escala de ambiente familiar. Los no fumadores tuvieron mayores calificaciones en los dominios de comunicación padre-hijo, apoyo de los padres, comunicación entre los padres y apoyo significativo del hijo, así como menores calificaciones en hostilidad y rechazo en comparación con los fumadores leves. Los no fumadores tuvieron mayores calificaciones en el dominio de comunicación con el hijo y menores calificaciones en el dominio de hostilidad y rechazo en comparación con los fumadores moderados. No se apreció ninguna diferencia entre fumadores leves y moderados. Discusión El estudio reveló consistentemente que existe un ambiente familiar más favorable para los adolescentes no fumadores comparados con los fumadores. Las principales diferencias en el ambiente familiar radicaron entre los no fumadores y los fumadores leves, y en menor grado, entre los no fumadores y los fumadores moderados. No apreciamos ninguna diferencia en el ambiente familiar entre los fumadores leves al compararlos con los moderados. A partir de que el ambiente familiar no parece deteriorarse una vez que el adolescente ya inició el consumo de tabaco, sugerimos que existen ciertas estructuras familiares que favorecen su consumo. Partiendo de estas consideraciones, pensamos que el consumo de tabaco en adolescentes es un fenómeno social en el que intervienen diferentes actores sociales, por lo que no es suficiente desarrollar sólo acciones educativas y de tratamiento para los adolescentes, sino que además deben involucrarse los padres.

Consumo de tabaco en alumnos de secundaria. Resultados preliminares de la aplicación de una encuesta estructurada / Tobacco consumption among high school students. Preliminary results from a survey in Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico

Antecedentes: El consumo de tabaco representa un problema de salud entre adolescentes. Las encuestas nacionales de adicciones en México han documentado una tendencia creciente en este hábito a través de los años. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron describir las prevalencias del consumo de tabaco en una muestra de estudiantes de secundaria en Tampico, Tamaulipas, y determinar algunas variables sociodemográficas. Métodos: Alumnos del ciclo escolar 2006-2007 de las 31 escuelas localizadas en el municipio de Tampico. La muestra fue seleccionada con un método probabilístico, estratificado y aleatorio simple; las unidades muestrales fueron los alumnos. Se utilizó un cuestionario autoaplicable estandarizado. Resultados: De 5060 alumnos encuestados, 50.99% correspondió al sexo femenino, media de edad 13.5±1 años, rango de 11-17, 66.7% inició el consumo entre los 13 y 14 años, 28.5% (IC=27.2- 29.8) había fumado alguna vez en su vida, 17% (IC=15.9-18.5) en los últimos 12 meses y 9% (IC=8.2-9.8) en los últimos 30 días, 7.2% de la muestra consideró que no es peligroso fumar y 1.6% de los fumadores ya reúne criterios de dependencia a la nicotina. Conclusiones: Es recomendable incrementar los procesos de prevención dirigidos a grupos de alto riesgo como los adolescentes.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco consumption constitutes a public health problem among adolescents. National addiction surveys in Mexico have documented a growing trend in this habit over the years. OBJECTIVE: Describe the prevalence of tobacco consumption among a sample of high school students sample in Tampico, Tamaulipas and identify socio-demographic variables. METHODS: Students enrolled in the 2006-2007 school year attending 31 schools located in this county were surveyed. The sample was probabilistic, stratified and random. Students were the sampling units. We used a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: 5,060 students were surveyed, 50.99% were female, mean age was 13.5 +/- 1 range 11-17. 66.7% started tobacco consumption between the ages of 13- 14, 28.5% (CI 27.2-29.8) had smoked once in their lives, 17% (CI 15.9-18.5) in the last twelve months and 9% (CI 18.2-9.8) in the last thirty days. A small percentage (7.2%) believed smoking was not dangerous and 1.6% of smokers meet the criteria for nicotine dependence. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend to increase prevention programs targeted at high-risk groups such as adolescents.

Efecto de una intervención antitabaco en estudiantes de enseñanza media superior en Guadalajara, México / Effect of an anti-tobacco intervention in high school students from Guadalajara, Mexico

Introduction Recent data, both domestic and from the world over, have shown that the epidemiologic impact of tobacco consumption has a higher increase rate among adolescent population, particularly women, than in the general population. This has highlighted the need to implement preventive intervention programs focused on young people. The school environment seems to be the most adequate space to achieve such a goal. Most school intervention reports aimed at reducing tobacco consumption among students have been carried out in the United States and have both had a positive effect and proven to be cost-effective. In Mexico, there is only one antecedent of a successful prevention program conducted in an elementary school. Results from this suggest that behavioural abilities acquisition reduces the prevalence of tobacco experimentation and promotes cessation among those already using it. Given the lack of educational interventions and the fact that tobacco consumption tends to increase among Mexican high school students, we conducted this study aiming to implement an educational intervention on tobacco consumption among adolescent high school students from the Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico. Later on we proceeded to evaluate its effect. Material and methods Based on a diagnostic and a literature review from successful anti-tobacco consumption programs, we devised a campaign called <>. This lasted for half a school year and included parents, teachers and non-smoking peers. Parents participated in five sessions aimed at promoting abstinence from tobacco consumption at home. Forty-two teachers, trained as campaign mediators, participated. A manual describing the contents from each session was elaborated for quality control purposes. Students themselves participated in four monthly sessions, were given anti-tobacco messages, watched anti-tobacco educational documentaries -under the supervision and discussion of a professor-, and exchanged cigarettes for chewing gum with non-smoking peers. In addition, a Tobacco Clinic was established, a mouth-teeth exam was carried out, and an anti-tobacco poster was displayed at the school. The poster message was changed each month. School measures regarding the ban on cigarettes sale on the school premises were likewise reinforced. Right before starting the campaign and immediately after finishing it, tobacco consumption rates, the type of consumption, the likelihood of using tobacco in the near future and the level of understanding as to the harmful effects on health of tobacco consumption were all evaluated using validated and standardized surveys. All measurements were carried out with an electronic questionnaire. The intervention effect evaluation was carried out with two independent samples: a base sample and a final sample before the campaign conclusion. Calculation of the sample size required for both surveys was based on data from a diagnostic study conducted at the same school. Participants were randomly selected. The project was approved by an Ethics and Research Committee from the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (National Social Security Institute) and all the students participated in the educational intervention. Results Whereas 621 adolescents participated in the base evaluation, a total of 524 of them took part in the final evaluation. Parental attendance at the various sessions changed from 90% to 20%. A total of 2675 mouth-teeth exams were carried out. At these, tooth cavities decay, lack of dental hygiene and gengivitis were detected. In turn, this resulted in suggestions to attend regular health care services for treatment. At the Tobacco Clinic, a group of 20 family parents was formed for treatment. The once-in-a-lifetime, in the last 12 months, and in the last previous month tobacco consumption prevalence accounted to 43.6%, 23.0%, and 24.3%, respectively. Experimental versus regular tobacco consumption were 34.9% and 7.2%. Nonsmoking population was 57.8%. In the same base evaluation, 9.7% of the students considered it was very likely they would smoke in the future, 46.9% considered it barely likely, and 43.5% considered they would never smoke in the future. The positive effect of the campaign was reflected in the type of tobacco consumption as there was a reduction in the rate of experimental smokers, as well as an increase in the number of non-smokers in the final evaluation compared to the base one. The rate of regular smokers did not change from one evaluation to the other. The once-in-a-lifetime, in the last twelve months, and in the last month frequency of consumption, together with the likelihood of smoking in the near future, showed no changes in the final evaluation compared to the base one. In the base evaluation, a high level of understanding about the harmful effects of tobacco on the pulmonary system and a moderate level of understanding about the harmful effects of tobacco on the heart and the female reproductive system, as well as on the stomach and liver, were observed, while there was a low level of understanding about the harmful effects of tobacco on the rest of the organic systems. In the final evaluation, it was observed that the understanding level of organic systems about which it was moderate or high remained the same. In addition, a significant increase of the understanding about the harmful effects of tobacco on the ocular system and the urinary tracts was observed. The level of understanding about the harmful effects of tobacco on the rest of the organic system remained also the same.

Introducción La mayor parte de los reportes de intervenciones escolares para reducir el consumo de tabaco en estudiantes han sido realizados en Estados Unidos y han mostrado un impacto positivo además de que son costo/efectivas. En México solamente existe el antecedente de un estudio exitoso de un programa de prevención de tabaco realizado en primaria, cuyos resultados sugieren que el desarrollo de habilidades conductuales reduce la prevalencia de la experimentación de tabaco y promueve el cese en quienes ya lo consumen. Ante la falta de intervenciones educativas y la tendencia hacia el aumento del consumo de tabaco en adolescentes escolares de educación media superior en México, realizamos el presente estudio con el objetivo de implementar y evaluar el efecto de una intervención educativa sobre el consumo de tabaco en adolescentes de una preparatoria de la Universidad de Guadalajara, en la ciudad de Guadalajara, capital del Estado de Jalisco, México. Material y métodos Basándose en un diagnóstico previo se diseño una campaña antitabaco, dirigida a adolescentes fumadores, con una duración de un semestre escolar, que incluyó la participación de padres de familia, maestros y pares no fumadores. Antes del inicio e inmediatamente después de finalizar la campaña se evaluaron, mediante dos muestras independientes por medio de encuestas validadas y estandarizadas, la frecuencia de consumo de tabaco, el tipo de consumo, la probabilidad de consumir tabaco en un futuro cercano y el nivel de conocimientos sobre los efectos nocivos para la salud que produce su consumo. Resultados El efecto positivo de la campaña se apreció en el tipo de consumo de tabaco puesto que hubo una reducción de la proporción de fumadores leves así como un incremento del número de no fumadores en la evaluación final con respecto a la basal; la proporción de fumadores moderados no se modificó en ambas evaluaciones. La frecuencia de consumo una vez en la vida, en los últimos doce meses, en el último mes, así como la probabilidad de fumar en un futuro cercano no mostró modificaciones en la evaluación final con respecto a la basal. Discusión La intervención educativa antitabaco tuvo efectos positivos sobre el tipo de consumo de tabaco en los adolescentes de la escuela sede, que se evidenciaron en la disminución de la proporción de fumadores leves, en el incremento de no fumadores y en el incremento del nivel de conocimientos sobre los efectos nocivos del consumo de tabaco sobre la salud. Creemos que la explicación se vinculó a tres aspectos: 1) por haber diseñado la intervención a partir de un diagnóstico escolar, 2) por haber tomado en cuenta las diferentes influencias sociales al incorporar la participación de maestros, pares no fumadores y padres de familia, 3) por la inclusión de sugerencias de programas exitosos en la modificación actitudinal. La intervención implementada resultó ineficaz para fumadores moderados, por lo que se tendría mayor efecto preventivo si se aplicaran en estudiantes de educación básica y media básica, en quienes el consumo de tabaco aún tiene un impacto inicial. A partir de la falta de interés mostrado por los padres, hipotetizamos que en ellos parece prevalecer una actitud permisiva en el consumo de tabaco de sus hijos y parecen subestimar la posibilidad de influir en su consumo. Se considera que los padres representan un contexto preventivo importante en el tabaquismo del adolescente. A partir de esto se plantean hipótesis y nuevas preguntas para ser investigadas. El estudio presenta limitaciones al no haberse incluido un grupo control y por haber limitado la evaluación de la intervención al periodo inmediato posterior. Sin embargo, pensamos que a pesar de estas limitaciones la intervención educativa antitabaco es efectiva para la reducción del consumo de tabaco experimental y en el incremento del nivel de conocimientos de los efectos deletéreos sobre la salud.